| Schizophrenia |
 |
| Cloth embroidered by a person diagnosed with schizophrenia |
| Pronunciation |
|
| Specialty |
Psychiatry |
| Symptoms |
Hallucinations (usually hearing voices), delusions, social isolation, flat affect, confused thinking[2][3] |
| Complications |
Suicide, heart disease, lifestyle diseases,[4] obesity and type 2 diabetes arising from antipsychotic medication[5][6] |
| Usual onset |
Ages 16 to 30[3] |
| Duration |
Chronic[3] |
| Causes |
Environmental and genetic factors[7] |
| Risk factors |
Family history, cannabis use in adolescence, consumption of hallucinogens or amphetamines,[8] problems during pregnancy, childhood adversity, birth in late winter or early spring, older father, being born or raised in a city[7][9] |
| Diagnostic method |
Based on observed behavior, reported experiences, and reports of others familiar with the person[10] |
| Differential diagnosis |
Substance use disorder, Huntington's disease, mood disorders (bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder), autism,[11] borderline personality disorder,[12] schizophreniform disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, psychotic depression, anxiety, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, sleep paralysis |
| Management |
Counseling, life skills training[2][7] |
| Medication |
Antipsychotics[7] |
| Prognosis |
20–28 years shorter life expectancy[13][14] |
| Frequency |
~0.32% (1 in 300) of the global population is affected.[15] |
| Deaths |
~17,000 (2015)[16] |
